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Custer's Trials

Custer's Trials

A Life on the Frontier of a New America
From the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award winner, a brilliant new biography of Gen. George Armstrong Custer that radically changes our view of the man and his turbulent times.

In this magisterial biography, T. J. Stiles paints a portrait of Custer both deeply personal and sweeping in scope, proving how much of Custer's legacy has been ignored. He demolishes Custer's historical caricature, revealing a volatile, contradictory, intense person--capable yet insecure, intelligent yet bigoted, passionate yet self-destructive, a romantic individualist at odds with the institution of the military (he was court-martialed twice in six years).

The key to understanding Custer, Stiles writes, is keeping in mind that he lived on a frontier in time. In the Civil War, the West, and many areas overlooked in previous biographies, Custer helped to create modern America, but he could never adapt to it. He freed countless slaves yet rejected new civil rights laws. He proved his heroism but missed the dark reality of war for so many others. A talented combat leader, he struggled as a manager in the West.

He tried to make a fortune on Wall Street yet never connected with the new corporate economy. Native Americans fascinated him, but he could not see them as fully human. A popular writer, he remained apart from Ambrose Bierce, Mark Twain, and other rising intellectuals. During Custer's lifetime, Americans saw their world remade. His admirers saw him as the embodiment of the nation's gallant youth, of all that they were losing; his detractors despised him for resisting a more complex and promising future. Intimate, dramatic, and provocative, this biography captures the larger story of the changing nation in Custer's tumultuous marriage to his highly educated wife, Libbie; their complicated relationship with Eliza Brown, the forceful black woman who ran their household; as well as his battles and expeditions. It casts surprising new light on a near-mythic American figure, a man both widely known and little understood.

From the Hardcover edition.
From the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award winner, a brilliant new biography of Gen. George Armstrong Custer that radically changes our view of the man and his turbulent times.

In this magisterial biography, T. J. Stiles paints a portrait of Custer both deeply personal and sweeping in scope, proving how much of Custer's legacy has been ignored. He demolishes Custer's historical caricature, revealing a volatile, contradictory, intense person--capable yet insecure, intelligent yet bigoted, passionate yet self-destructive, a romantic individualist at odds with the institution of the military (he was court-martialed twice in six years).

The key to understanding Custer, Stiles writes, is keeping in mind that he lived on a frontier in time. In the Civil War, the West, and many areas overlooked in previous biographies, Custer helped to create modern America, but he could never adapt to it. He freed countless slaves yet rejected new civil rights laws. He proved his heroism but missed the dark reality of war for so many others. A talented combat leader, he struggled as a manager in the West.

He tried to make a fortune on Wall Street yet never connected with the new corporate economy. Native Americans fascinated him, but he could not see them as fully human. A popular writer, he remained apart from Ambrose Bierce, Mark Twain, and other rising intellectuals. During Custer's lifetime, Americans saw their world remade. His admirers saw him as the embodiment of the nation's gallant youth, of all that they were losing; his detractors despised him for resisting a more complex and promising future. Intimate, dramatic, and provocative, this biography captures the larger story of the changing nation in Custer's tumultuous marriage to his highly educated wife, Libbie; their complicated relationship with Eliza Brown, the forceful black woman who ran their household; as well as his battles and expeditions. It casts surprising new light on a near-mythic American figure, a man both widely known and little understood.

From the Hardcover edition.
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  • Chapter One

    He awoke. Unusually, he remembered the dream. "I always deal with realities," he wrote to his sister. "I am not a believer in dreams"--unlike his mother--"but on the contrary think it absurd to pay any attention to them." The more he disavowed any significance, the more he implied that the dream haunted him. Two attractive young women appear in his most isolated post, a basket in the air; he suddenly, inexplicably, rises to that great height; they vanish the instant he reaches them. He corners what he desires, yet it escapes him, leaving him bewildered and alone.
    When he stepped outside of his tent in the morning--awake, this time--he found himself at Harrison's Landing, the James River bivouac where the Army of the Potomac had retreated after the victory at Malvern Hill. McClellan established his headquarters at Berkeley Plantation, virtually the birthplace of the slaveholding aristocracy in the South. Out of respect, McClellan did not occupy the brick manor house, but ordered tents erected on the grounds. There he brooded on his enemies in the administration.

    Just after the Battle of Gaines's Mill, McClellan had sent a remarkable telegram to Secretary Stanton. "If I save this Army now I tell you plainly that I owe no thanks to you or any other persons in Washington--you have done your best to sacrifice this Army." He knew his accusation was shocking, but, he wrote to his wife, Lincoln was "entirely too smart to give my correspondence to the public--it would have ruined him & Stanton forever." His delusion was not tested. In Washington the telegraph supervisor excised that last sentence, and so McClellan's anger grew unchecked.

    On July 8, in stifling heat and humidity, Lincoln came to Harrison's Landing. McClellan and staff, including Custer, met his steamer at the pier and conducted him on a review of the army. Afterward the general and the president sat together under an awning on the deck of Lincoln's vessel. McClellan handed the president a letter. Lincoln opened it and read as the general waited.
    "I earnestly desire . . . to lay before your excellency, for your private consideration, my general views concerning the existing state of the rebellion," McClellan wrote.

    It should not be a war looking to the subjugation of the people of any State in any event. It should not be at all a war upon population, but against armed forces and political organizations. Neither confiscation of property, political executions of persons, territorial organization of States, or forcible abolition of slavery should be contemplated for a moment. . . . Military power should not be allowed to interfere with the relations of servitude, either by supporting or impairing the authority of the master.

    He argued that the owners of contrabands should be compensated. And he backed his political lecture with an implicit threat: "A declaration of radical views, especially upon slavery, will rapidly disintegrate our present armies."

    Lincoln said nothing, a silence that McClellan took as vindication. The general even saw his defeat as a fine thing, reversing his earlier analysis. "God has helped me, or rather has helped my army & country," he told his wife on July 10. "If I had succeeded in taking Richmond now the fanatics of the North might have been too powerful & reunion impossible." He wrote to Samuel L. M. Barlow, the Democratic Party insider, "I have lost all regard & respect for the majority of the administration, & doubt the propriety of my brave men's blood being spilled to further the designs of such a set of heartless villains."

    The self-absorbed general did not see the rising anger at his...

About the Author-
  • T. J. STILES is the author of The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, winner of the 2009 National Book Award in Nonfiction and the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in Biography, and Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. A member of the Society of American Historians and a former Guggenheim fellow, he lives in Berkeley, California, with his wife and two children.

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A Life on the Frontier of a New America
T.J. Stiles
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